/* ============================================================ PENTANA STANTON - HUB PAGE (scoped to .ps-hub) Shared across all commercial and family sub-hubs. ============================================================ */ .ps-hub { --ps-navy: #0F2A44; --ps-navy-deep: #0A1F33; --ps-gold: #C9A961; --ps-gold-soft: #D4B97A; --ps-cream: #F8F5EF; --ps-stone: #E8E2D5; --ps-charcoal: #2A2A2A; --ps-grey: #6B6B6B; --ps-grey-light: #D4D4D4; --ps-line: #E2DACA; --ps-white: #FFFFFF;--ps-serif: 'Cormorant Garamond', 'Playfair Display', Georgia, serif; --ps-sans: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;--ps-section-pad-y: clamp(64px, 8vw, 110px); --ps-container: 1200px; --ps-prose: 800px;font-family: var(--ps-sans); color: var(--ps-charcoal); line-height: 1.7; font-size: 16.5px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; }.ps-hub *, .ps-hub *::before, .ps-hub *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }.ps-hub h1, .ps-hub h2, .ps-hub h3, .ps-hub h4 { font-family: var(--ps-serif); font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.22; letter-spacing: -0.012em; margin: 0; color: inherit; } .ps-hub h3, .ps-hub h4 { font-weight: 600; }:where(.ps-hub) p { margin: 0; }.ps-hub a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; transition: color 200ms ease, border-color 200ms ease, background-color 200ms ease; }.ps-hub img, .ps-hub svg { display: block; max-width: 100%; } .ps-hub img { height: auto; }.ps-hub .ps-container { width: 100%; max-width: var(--ps-container); margin: 0 auto; padding-inline: clamp(20px, 4vw, 48px); }/* Eyebrow */ .ps-hub .ps-eyebrow { font-family: var(--ps-sans); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ps-gold); margin: 0 0 18px; display: inline-block; } .ps-hub .ps-eyebrow--on-dark { color: var(--ps-gold-soft); }/* Buttons */ .ps-hub a.ps-btn, .ps-hub .ps-btn { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; padding: 14px 24px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 2px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none !important; transition: background-color 220ms ease, color 220ms ease, border-color 220ms ease; line-height: 1; } .ps-hub a.ps-btn--primary { background-color: var(--ps-gold) !important; color: var(--ps-navy-deep) !important; border-color: var(--ps-gold) !important; } .ps-hub a.ps-btn--primary:hover, .ps-hub a.ps-btn--primary:focus-visible { background-color: var(--ps-navy-deep) !important; color: var(--ps-gold) !important; border-color: var(--ps-navy-deep) !important; } .ps-hub a.ps-btn--ghost-light { background-color: transparent !important; color: var(--ps-white) !important; border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.45) !important; } .ps-hub a.ps-btn--ghost-light:hover, .ps-hub a.ps-btn--ghost-light:focus-visible { background-color: var(--ps-white) !important; color: var(--ps-navy-deep) !important; border-color: var(--ps-white) !important; }.ps-hub .ps-link-arrow { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0.04em; color: var(--ps-gold); border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; padding-bottom: 2px; } .ps-hub .ps-link-arrow:hover, .ps-hub .ps-link-arrow:focus-visible { color: var(--ps-gold-soft); border-bottom-color: var(--ps-gold-soft); } .ps-hub .ps-link-arrow svg { width: 14px; height: 14px; transition: transform 220ms ease; } .ps-hub .ps-link-arrow:hover svg { transform: translateX(4px); }/* Inline body links */ .ps-hub .ps-prose a:not(.ps-btn):not(.ps-link-arrow) { color: var(--ps-navy); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ps-gold); padding-bottom: 1px; } .ps-hub .ps-prose a:not(.ps-btn):not(.ps-link-arrow):hover { color: var(--ps-gold); border-bottom-color: var(--ps-gold); }/* ============================================================ HERO ============================================================ */ .ps-hero { background: radial-gradient(120% 80% at 80% 20%, rgba(201,169,97,0.08), transparent 60%), linear-gradient(180deg, var(--ps-navy) 0%, var(--ps-navy-deep) 100%); color: var(--ps-white); position: relative; overflow: hidden; } .ps-hero::before { content: ""; position: absolute; inset: 0; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0.025) 1px, transparent 1px), linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.025) 1px, transparent 1px); background-size: 80px 80px; pointer-events: none; opacity: 0.6; mask-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, black 30%, transparent 80%); } .ps-hero__inner { position: relative; padding-block: clamp(72px, 10vw, 120px); } .ps-hub .ps-crumbs { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px 14px; margin: 0 0 36px; padding: 0; list-style: none; } .ps-hub .ps-crumbs li { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; } .ps-hub .ps-crumbs li + li::before { content: "/"; color: var(--ps-gold); } .ps-hub .ps-crumbs a:hover { color: var(--ps-gold-soft); } .ps-hub .ps-crumbs [aria-current="page"] { color: var(--ps-white); }.ps-hero__h1 { font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4.8vw, 3.8rem); letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin: 14px 0 28px; color: var(--ps-white); max-width: 18ch; } .ps-hero__h1 em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: var(--ps-gold-soft); } .ps-hero__sub { font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.3vw, 1.12rem); color: rgba(255,255,255,0.78); font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.7; max-width: 62ch; } .ps-hero__actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 16px; margin-top: 36px; }/* ============================================================ BODY SHELL - sticky TOC + prose ============================================================ */ .ps-body { background: var(--ps-white); padding-block: var(--ps-section-pad-y); } .ps-body__layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 48px; } @media (min-width: 1024px) { .ps-body__layout { grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 64px; } } .ps-toc { font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.04em; } @media (min-width: 1024px) { .ps-toc { position: sticky; top: 100px; align-self: start; max-height: calc(100vh - 140px); overflow: auto; } } .ps-toc__label { font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ps-gold); margin: 0 0 14px; display: block; } .ps-toc__list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; } .ps-toc__list a { color: var(--ps-grey); border-left: 2px solid var(--ps-line); padding: 4px 0 4px 14px; display: block; line-height: 1.4; } .ps-toc__list a:hover, .ps-toc__list a.is-active { color: var(--ps-navy-deep); border-left-color: var(--ps-gold); }/* Mobile jump menu */ @media (max-width: 1023px) { .ps-toc { border: 1px solid var(--ps-line); background: var(--ps-cream); padding: 18px 20px; } }.ps-prose-block + .ps-prose-block { margin-top: 56px; }.ps-prose-block h2 { font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 2.6vw, 2.1rem); color: var(--ps-navy-deep); margin: 0 0 20px; } .ps-prose-block p + p { margin-top: 18px; } .ps-prose-block .ps-numeral { font-family: var(--ps-serif); font-style: italic; color: var(--ps-gold); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.02em; display: block; margin: 0 0 8px; }/* Key Takeaways box */ .ps-takeaways { background: var(--ps-cream); border: 1px solid var(--ps-line); border-left: 3px solid var(--ps-gold); padding: clamp(28px, 4vw, 40px); margin: 0 0 56px; } .ps-takeaways h2 { font-size: 1.15rem; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ps-navy-deep); font-family: var(--ps-sans); font-weight: 500; margin: 0 0 18px; } .ps-takeaways ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 12px; } .ps-takeaways li { position: relative; padding-left: 28px; font-size: 15.5px; line-height: 1.6; color: var(--ps-charcoal); } .ps-takeaways li::before { content: ""; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 11px; width: 16px; height: 1px; background: var(--ps-gold); }/* ============================================================ RELATED INSIGHTS - mirrors homepage .ps-insight-card ============================================================ */ .ps-related { background: var(--ps-cream); padding-block: var(--ps-section-pad-y); } .ps-related__head { display: flex; align-items: flex-end; justify-content: space-between; gap: 24px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: clamp(36px, 5vw, 56px); } .ps-related__title { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 3vw, 2.2rem); color: var(--ps-navy-deep); margin-top: 6px; max-width: 22ch; } .ps-related__intro { max-width: 62ch; color: var(--ps-grey); font-size: 15.5px; margin: 14px 0 32px; } .ps-insights__grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; } @media (min-width: 700px) { .ps-insights__grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } } @media (min-width: 1000px) { .ps-insights__grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); } } .ps-insight-card { display: flex; flex-direction: column; background: var(--ps-white); border: 1px solid var(--ps-grey-light); transition: border-color 240ms ease, transform 240ms ease; } .ps-insight-card:hover { border-color: var(--ps-gold); transform: translateY(-2px); } .ps-insight-card__media { aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; background-color: var(--ps-stone); background-size: cover; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: block; position: relative; overflow: hidden; } .ps-insight-card__media--empty { background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ps-stone) 0%, #DDD4C0 100%); } .ps-insight-card__media--empty::before { content: ""; position: absolute; left: 24px; bottom: 36px; width: 36px; height: 1px; background: var(--ps-gold); } .ps-insight-card__media--empty::after { content: "Pentana Stanton"; position: absolute; left: 24px; bottom: 16px; font-family: var(--ps-serif); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.04em; color: var(--ps-navy-deep); opacity: 0.55; } .ps-insight-card__body { padding: 24px 24px 28px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1; gap: 14px; } .ps-insight-card__meta { font-size: 12px; color: var(--ps-grey); letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; } .ps-insight-card__title { font-family: var(--ps-serif); font-weight: 500; font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 1.28; color: var(--ps-navy-deep); letter-spacing: -0.01em; } .ps-insight-card__excerpt { font-size: 14px; color: var(--ps-grey); line-height: 1.6; flex: 1; } .ps-insight-card__cta { margin-top: 4px; }/* ============================================================ INDUSTRIES grid (HNW addition) ============================================================ */ .ps-industries { background: var(--ps-cream); padding-block: var(--ps-section-pad-y); } .ps-industries__head { margin-bottom: clamp(36px, 5vw, 56px); max-width: 720px; } .ps-industries__title { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 3vw, 2.2rem); color: var(--ps-navy-deep); max-width: 24ch; margin-top: 6px; } .ps-industries__intro { color: var(--ps-grey); max-width: 64ch; font-size: 15.5px; margin: 14px 0 0; } .ps-industries__grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 1px; background: var(--ps-line); border: 1px solid var(--ps-line); } @media (min-width: 700px) { .ps-industries__grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); } } @media (min-width: 1000px) { .ps-industries__grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); } } .ps-industries__cell { background: var(--ps-cream); padding: clamp(20px, 2.4vw, 28px); display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; min-height: 130px; } .ps-industries__cell-name { font-family: var(--ps-serif); font-size: 1.15rem; color: var(--ps-navy-deep); font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -0.005em; } .ps-industries__cell-desc { font-size: 13.5px; color: var(--ps-grey); line-height: 1.55; }/* ============================================================ LOCATIONS split (HNW addition) ============================================================ */ .ps-locations { background: var(--ps-white); padding-block: var(--ps-section-pad-y); } .ps-locations__inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 48px; } @media (min-width: 900px) { .ps-locations__inner { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.1fr) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 80px; align-items: start; } } .ps-locations__copy { max-width: 60ch; } .ps-locations__title { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 3vw, 2.2rem); color: var(--ps-navy-deep); max-width: 22ch; margin-top: 6px; } .ps-locations__copy p { margin-top: 18px; color: var(--ps-charcoal); } .ps-locations__list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--ps-line); } .ps-locations__list li { padding: 16px 4px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ps-line); font-family: var(--ps-serif); font-size: 1.1rem; color: var(--ps-navy-deep); display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; } .ps-locations__list li::before { content: ""; width: 14px; height: 1px; background: var(--ps-gold); display: inline-block; }/* ============================================================ WHY US grid (HNW addition) ============================================================ */ .ps-whyus { background: var(--ps-navy); color: var(--ps-white); padding-block: var(--ps-section-pad-y); } .ps-whyus__inner { max-width: 900px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: left; } .ps-whyus__title { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 3vw, 2.4rem); color: var(--ps-white); max-width: 26ch; margin-top: 6px; } .ps-whyus__intro { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75); max-width: 64ch; margin: 18px 0 36px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75; } .ps-whyus__grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 28px; } @media (min-width: 800px) { .ps-whyus__grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 36px 48px; } } .ps-whyus__item { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; padding-top: 22px; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); } .ps-whyus__item h3 { font-family: var(--ps-serif); font-size: 1.2rem; color: var(--ps-white); font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -0.005em; } .ps-whyus__item p { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.72); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; }/* ============================================================ RESOLUTION strategy block (HNW addition, reuses prose pattern) ============================================================ */ .ps-resolution { background: var(--ps-white); padding-block: var(--ps-section-pad-y); border-top: 1px solid var(--ps-line); } .ps-resolution__inner { max-width: var(--ps-prose); margin: 0 auto; } .ps-resolution h2 { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 3vw, 2.2rem); color: var(--ps-navy-deep); margin: 6px 0 24px; max-width: 22ch; } .ps-resolution p { margin-top: 18px; color: var(--ps-charcoal); }/* ============================================================ FAQ ACCORDION - hardened against theme/Elementor button styles ============================================================ */ .ps-hub .ps-faq { background:var(--ps-white); padding-block:var(--ps-section-pad-y); } .ps-hub .ps-faq__head { margin-bottom:clamp(36px,5vw,56px); } .ps-hub .ps-faq__title { font-size:clamp(1.7rem,3vw,2.2rem); color:var(--ps-navy-deep); margin-top:6px; max-width:22ch; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__list { max-width:var(--ps-prose); } .ps-hub .ps-faq__item { border-top:1px solid var(--ps-line); transition:background-color 240ms ease; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__item:last-child { border-bottom:1px solid var(--ps-line); } .ps-hub .ps-faq__item:hover { background-color:rgba(248,245,239,0.55); } .ps-hub .ps-faq__item.is-open { background-color:var(--ps-cream); }.ps-hub button.ps-faq__q, .ps-hub .ps-faq__q { -webkit-appearance:none !important; appearance:none !important; display:block !important; width:100% !important; background:transparent !important; background-color:transparent !important; background-image:none !important; border:0 !important; border-radius:0 !important; box-shadow:none !important; padding:26px 64px 26px 18px !important; margin:0 !important; text-align:left !important; text-transform:none !important; font-family:var(--ps-serif) !important; font-size:clamp(1.05rem,1.55vw,1.2rem) !important; font-weight:500 !important; letter-spacing:-0.005em !important; color:var(--ps-navy-deep) !important; cursor:pointer !important; position:relative !important; line-height:1.4 !important; transition:color 240ms ease !important; } .ps-hub button.ps-faq__q:hover, .ps-hub .ps-faq__q:hover { color:var(--ps-navy) !important; }.ps-hub .ps-faq__q::after { content:"" !important; position:absolute !important; right:18px !important; top:50% !important; width:32px !important; height:32px !important; margin-top:-16px !important; border:1px solid var(--ps-line) !important; border-radius:50% !important; background-color:transparent !important; background-image: linear-gradient(var(--ps-gold), var(--ps-gold)), linear-gradient(var(--ps-gold), var(--ps-gold)) !important; background-position:center !important; background-repeat:no-repeat !important; background-size:11px 1px, 1px 11px !important; transition:transform 360ms cubic-bezier(0.4,0,0.2,1), border-color 240ms ease, background-size 280ms ease !important; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__q:hover::after { border-color:var(--ps-gold) !important; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__item.is-open .ps-faq__q::after { transform:rotate(45deg) !important; background-size:11px 1px, 0 0 !important; border-color:var(--ps-gold) !important; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__q:focus-visible { outline:2px solid var(--ps-gold) !important; outline-offset:-2px !important; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__a { max-height:0; overflow:hidden; transition:max-height 420ms cubic-bezier(0.4,0,0.2,1), opacity 240ms ease; opacity:0; font-size:15.5px; color:var(--ps-charcoal); line-height:1.7; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__a-inner { padding:0 64px 30px 18px; } .ps-hub .ps-faq__item.is-open .ps-faq__a { max-height:1200px; opacity:1; }/* ============================================================ CTA BLOCK ============================================================ */ .ps-cta { background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--ps-navy) 0%, var(--ps-navy-deep) 100%); color: var(--ps-white); padding-block: clamp(60px, 8vw, 96px); text-align: center; } .ps-hub .ps-cta__title { font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3.2vw, 2.4rem) !important; color: var(--ps-white) !important; margin: 14px auto 22px !important; max-width: 36ch !important; text-align: center !important; } .ps-hub .ps-cta__lede, .ps-hub .ps-cta .ps-eyebrow, .ps-hub .ps-cta__service-link { text-align: center !important; } .ps-cta__lede { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.78); max-width: 60ch; margin: 0 auto clamp(28px, 4vw, 40px); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.7; } .ps-cta__buttons { display: inline-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 16px; justify-content: center; } .ps-cta__service-link { display: block; margin-top: 22px; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.7); } .ps-cta__service-link a { color: var(--ps-gold-soft); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(212,185,122,0.4); padding-bottom: 1px; } .ps-cta__service-link a:hover { color: var(--ps-white); border-bottom-color: var(--ps-white); }
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商业法/股东纠纷

墨尔本股东纠纷律师

大多数股东纠纷实际上是控制权纠纷。Pentana Stanton 在维多利亚州为陷入压迫索赔、僵局和强制收购谈判的小股东、大股东和董事提供服务。来自第一次会议的资深律师,对《公司法》第 2F.1 部分的规定有清晰的认识。

主要收获

  • 股东压制行为受 2001 年《公司法》(澳大利亚联邦)第 2F.1 部分(主要是第 232 至 234 条)的管辖。其理由是行为违反了成员的整体利益,或对成员造成压迫、不公平的损害或不公平的歧视。
  • 高等法院关于该检验标准的主要权威是 Wayde 诉新南威尔士橄榄球联盟有限公司案(1985 年)180 CLR 459。仅有偏见或商业分歧是不够的。客观判断,该行为必须是不公平的。
  • 被错误地排除在管理之外、隐瞒信息和转移公司机会都是公认的理由。Campbell 诉 Backoffice Investments Pty Ltd (2009) 238 CLR 304 案确认,根据第 232 条,被排除在管理之外可构成压迫。
  • 根据第 233 条,最常见的补救措施是命令多数人按公平价值买断少数人的股份。命令少数人买断多数人的情况很少见,在 Fexuto Pty Ltd 诉 Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd (2001) 37 ACSR 672 案中,Spigelman CJ 将其描述为非同寻常,几乎没有先例。
  • 争议发生后的前九十天通常决定了跑道。根据第 247A 条进行的账簿检查、股东协议中采取的立场以及董事在该窗口期的行为都是法院在决定补救措施时要审查的内容。
i.

本业务领域涵盖的内容

本页主要介绍我们为陷入股权争议的客户提供的服务。其中包括被挤出私人公司的小股东、为压迫索赔辩护的大股东、创始人之间的50%僵局,以及在收购或清盘申请前行为被诬陷为压迫性的董事。此外,还包括家族企业案件,这些案件最初是关系破裂,随着结构的解体而演变成股东纠纷。

我们最常见的纠纷涉及私营公司、家族企业、专业服务公司和合资企业。压力点是可以预见的:被排除在董事会会议之外、在有足够利润的情况下拒绝宣布分红、将机会转移给关联实体、以非商业条件进行关联方交易,以及战略性地利用集资稀释少数股权。这些行为通常被辩护为商业决策。法院会问一个合理的董事会是否会这样做。

我们受理的案件涉及单独的工作流程。这包括与分立同时发生的股东纠纷,其中公司立场必须与企业主的家庭法相协调,以及基本投诉涉及董事职责而非股东权利的纠纷。在维多利亚州最高法院商事法庭和澳大利亚联邦法院,我们都能应对自如,在公司面临临时风险时,我们还能处理紧急申请。

ii.

澳大利亚的法律框架

在澳大利亚,股东压迫行为受《2001 年公司法》(澳大利亚联邦)第 2F.1 部分管辖。实质性条款非常严格。第 232 条列出了理由。如果公司事务的处理、公司或其代表实际或拟议的作为或不作为,或成员的决议或拟议的决议违背了成员的整体利益,或压制、不公平地损害或不公平地歧视了一名或多名成员,则法院可根据第 233 条发布命令。第 234 条规定了可提出申请的人员,包括现任成员、在特定情况下的前任成员以及因法律的实施而获得股份的人。

高等法院关于不公平在此背景下含义的主要权威仍然是Wayde 诉新南威尔士橄榄球联盟有限公司案(1985 年)180 CLR 459。布伦南法官客观地制定了检验标准,询问拥有相关技能和知识的合理董事们会怎么做。仅有偏见或商业上的失望是不够的。有关行为必须越过界限,成为合理的董事会不会做的事情。法院不会充当不满少数群体的商业上诉机构。

高等法院在Campbell 诉 Backoffice Investments Pty Ltd(2009) 238 CLR 304 一案中确定了第 232 条理由的现行表述。法院确认,不当排除公司的管理权可构成压迫行为,而压迫行为在法院下达命令时不一定要持续存在。该判决对事项的申辩方式很重要,因为它消除了历史行为不能作为救济理由的论点。

在我们的实践中,还有两个权威案例。西澳大利亚最高法院在Re Spargos Mining NL(1990) 3 ACSR 1 案中确认,违反董事受托责任的行为本身就可以构成压迫,法院将制定干预性补救措施,包括在行为需要时更换董事会。新南威尔士上诉法院审理的Fexuto Pty Ltd 诉 Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd(2001) 37 ACSR 672 案既涉及排除在管理之外的实质性理由,也涉及随之而来的补救措施,首席大法官 Spigelman 将允许少数人收购多数人股份的命令描述为非同寻常且几乎史无前例的命令。默认的补救办法仍然是多数人按公平价值买断少数人的股份。

第 233 条的规定非常宽泛。法院可以命令公司清盘,修改或废除公司现有章程,由其他成员或公司本身购买股份并相应减少资本,提起、起诉、辩护或中止诉讼,指定接管人,或禁止某人从事特定行为。在实践中,买断令是主要工作,而估值日期和方法则是真正有争议的问题。

第 2F.1 部分旁边还有另外两条规定,经常并行使用。第 247A 条赋予有正当目的的成员申请授权检查公司账簿的命令的权利。在信息被隐瞒的情况下,这是一个强有力的诉前工具。第 461(1)(k)条允许法院以公正和公平为由命令公司清盘。清盘很少是少数股东真正想要的救济,但在根据第 233 条进行的收购陷入僵局时,清盘的威胁会使和解讨论更加集中。

iii.

我们如何在这一领域开展工作

在起草任何信函之前,我们的工作就已经开始了。我们会阅读股东协议、公司章程、过去三年的会议记录以及财务报表。许多股东纠纷都是通过股东协议中关于僵局、拖沓、拖拉、强制出售和特定事件的实际规定来解决或重构的。如果协议强制要求在诉讼前进行调解或专家裁决,则根据协议本身的条款进行调解或专家裁决。如果协议未作规定或已过时,则应遵循第 2F.1 部分规定的法定补救措施。

在信息被隐瞒的情况下,我们会根据第 247A 条尽早提出账簿检查申请。如果申请人是真正关心公司事务的成员,那么适当目的的门槛并不高。第 247A 条申请的成功会重塑争议。它要么解决了潜在的怀疑,要么提供了作为压迫抗辩基础的文件。

一旦维多利亚州最高法院商事法庭或联邦法院受理此案,案件将取决于三个方面。第一,事实陈述:客观地看,行为必须能够被定性为压迫性的。第二,估价:大多数问题都是在估价专家报告中解决,而不是在庭审中解决。第三,折扣问题:买断价格反映的是少数股权折扣、控制权溢价,还是企业价值的按比例份额,这往往是案件中金额最大的一个项目。我们会尽早向独立评估师介绍情况,并就评估方法提供指导。

书信的语气很重要。我们在诉状中和酒桌上直言不讳,而在其他一切场合则有分寸。公司通常有员工、客户和金融家在观望。与有条不紊的步伐和在问题得不到解决时愿意处理此事的可信意愿相比,为咄咄逼人而咄咄逼人往往会导致更糟糕的和解结果。

我们在各行业开展活动

股东纠纷最常出现的地方

我们的股东纠纷案件主要集中在私营公司、家族企业集团和专业服务公司。以下行业是维多利亚州最常出现所有权争议问题的行业。

家族企业 代际交接纠纷、兄弟姐妹分离、信托控制权冲突。
房地产与开发 合资企业陷入僵局、利润分配纠纷、资金调用被拒。
专业服务 权益合伙人纠纷、执业所有权冲突、限制执行。
保健与医疗 医疗机构所有权纠纷、服务实体冲突、退出估值。
施工 建筑商合伙人纠纷、项目实体冲突、股权稀释索赔。
金融服务 基金经理退出、少数投资者索赔、关联方交易。
技术 创始人纠纷、股权归属之争、集资摊薄索赔。
酒店和零售业 公司创始人纠纷、品牌和特许经营冲突、租赁实体紧张关系。
战略

诉讼或商业解决方案

并非每一起股东纠纷都需要立即启动法庭程序。如果股东协议强制要求进行调解或专家裁决,则应根据协议本身的条款进行调解。在协议未作规定的情况下,调解仍可在任何阶段私下进行,通常是在根据第 247A 条进行账簿检查并出示谈判所需的文件之后。

其他事项在没有法院干预的情况下是无法实际解决的。如果行为涉及挥霍公司资产、转移公司机会、被排除在管理之外且无望恢复,或威胁通过一旦通过就不可逆转的决议,那么启动程序和中间申请就是正确的应对措施。否则就会给对方留下可乘之机。

根据《2001 年公司法》(澳大利亚联邦)第 233 条,股东压迫案的默认和解补救措施是买断令。大多数问题都在估值专家报告中解决,而不是在审判中解决。第 461(1)(k)条规定的公正和公平清盘的威胁往往是将停滞不前的买断谈判重新拉回谈判桌的杠杆,因为没有任何商业当事人更倾向于清算人出售而非协商退出。

特别是对于高净值客户而言,早期决策失误的代价绝不仅仅是法律费用。他们要承担的是选择不当的诉讼程序对声誉造成的后果、在商业诉状中披露信息对家庭法造成的影响,以及对商业关系造成的长期影响,而这种关系在争议结束后可能还需要继续。第一个决定是战略性决定。我们就是这样处理的。

横跨墨尔本和维多利亚州

墨尔本 CBD 律师事务所在全州范围内开展业务

我们的主要办事处位于墨尔本中央商务区的朗斯代尔街(Lonsdale Street),步行即可到达维多利亚州最高法院商事法庭和澳大利亚联邦法院。中央商务区的地理位置非常重要,因为维多利亚州大多数有争议的股东事务都是在这些大楼内处理的。

我们还在丹顿农设有办事处,为墨尔本东南部和吉普斯兰提供服务。我们的股东纠纷客户来自墨尔本和维多利亚地区。初次会议可在任一办公室亲自进行,也可通过视频或电话进行。

  • 墨尔本中央商务区
  • 南岸
  • 码头区
  • 里士满
  • 南雅拉
  • 图拉克
  • 布莱顿
  • 山楂树
  • 邱园
  • 坎伯韦尔
  • 丹顿农
  • 维多利亚地区
客户聘用我们的原因

资深的判断力、深思熟虑的律师和拒绝模板化的做法

股东纠纷是一项高级判断业务。我们参与处理的事务都具有重大商业意义,往往会对个人造成影响,很少能采用一刀切的方法。

第一届会议的资深从业人员

阅读公司章程和股东协议的资深执业律师正是负责处理事务的资深执业律师。文件一旦确定范围,就不会再按名单下发。

协调商业法、家庭法和遗产法之间的关系

对于高净值客户而言,股东纠纷很少能在一个业务领域内解决。我们将公司立场与分立、信托和遗产工作流程相协调,使其相互交叉。

经过验证的权威内容,而非一般内容

本页的框架以指定案例和具体法规章节为基础。在撰写之前,而不是在撰写之后,我们都会根据澳大利亚法律数据库(AustLII)和权威报告对引文进行核实。

自由裁量权是简介的一部分

对于私人客户而言,管理谁知道什么、什么时候知道,往往与法律地位同等重要。我们的聘用合同也是如此。我们不会公开我们的事务。

舒适的 CBD 法院

我们理所当然地在维多利亚州最高法院商事法庭审理股东事务。紧急申请会在同一周提交给实践法庭和值班法官。

战略性而非程序性计费

我们会把时间花在推动事情发展的决定上。对于不改变立场的程序性信函,我们会简短地解释原因。

常见问题

股东在参与之前提出的问题

2001 年《公司法》(澳大利亚联邦)第 232 条规定了两个理由。第一种是违背成员整体利益的行为。第二种是压制、不公平地损害或不公平地歧视作为成员的一名或多名成员的行为。该行为可以是公司事务的行为、公司的作为或不作为,也可以是成员的决议。检验标准是客观的。在 Wayde 诉新南威尔士橄榄球联盟有限公司(1985 年)180 CLR 459 案中,仅有偏见或商业失望是不够的。法院会询问一个合理的董事会是否会采取受指责的行为。常见的行为包括排除在管理之外、隐瞒信息、在利润和储备金支持分配的情况下拒绝宣布分红、以非商业条件进行关联方交易以及将公司机会转给关联实体。
是的,如果行为符合第 232 条的门槛,并且法院认为根据第 233 条,买断是适当的补救措施。正统的命令是多数人按公平价值买断少数人的股份。允许少数人收购多数人股份的反向命令很少见。Spigelman CJ 在 Fexuto Pty Ltd 诉 Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd (2001) 37 ACSR 672 一案中将其描述为非同寻常,几乎史无前例。估值日期、估值方法以及是否适用少数股权折价通常是争议最大的问题,也往往是最大的单笔金额项目。买断令通常也是通过调解解决,而不是在审判中确定。
第 2F.1 部分规定的压迫会产生使公司存续的补救措施,最常见的是买断。根据《2001 年公司法》(澳大利亚联邦)第 461(1)(k)条,以公正和公平为由进行清盘可结束公司,由清算人分配盈余。这两个理由经常一起提出。如果公司的基础已经失败,股东或董事会层面出现无法挽回的僵局,或者准合伙企业参与者之间的关系已经破裂到无法修复的地步,就会以清盘为理由。在私营公司的实践中,清盘威胁经常被用来集中进行第 233 条下的买断谈判,因为没有任何商业方会选择清算人出售而不是谈判退出。
时间取决于股东协议是强制调解还是专家裁决,是否需要申请账簿检查,以及事件是调解解决还是进入审判阶段。一般来说,维多利亚州最高法院商事法庭审理的案件从启动程序到调解解决,通常需要九到十八个月的时间。紧急中间申请,包括冻结令和限制会议或决议的命令,可在数天内提出。进入责任争议审判和单独估价听证的案件可能需要两年或更长的时间。时间安排的最大决定因素是,一旦指定了估价师,双方是否准备真诚地商定买断价格。
可以,只要法院确信申请是出于善意,且检查目的正当。2001 年《公司法》(澳大利亚联邦)第 247A 条允许公司成员申请授权检查公司账簿的命令。适当目的的含义很广,包括在有可靠依据的情况下,调查对公司事务处理、机会转移和关联方交易适当性的关注。检查员通常由申请人提名的律师或会计师担任。成功的第 247A 条申请所产生的文件通常可以解决疑虑,或者更常见的是,根据第 232 条提出压迫抗辩。
与我们联系

高级商业顾问,在决议提出之前。

我们为维多利亚州的小股东、大股东和董事在压迫、僵局和买断事务中提供法律服务。初步咨询是保密的,由资深从业人员负责。

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As a general guide, a matter that proceeds through the Commercial Court of the Supreme Court of Victoria from originating process to a mediated settlement typically runs nine to eighteen months. Urgent interlocutory applications, including freezing orders and orders to restrain a meeting or resolution, can be brought on within days. Matters that proceed to a contested trial on liability and a separate hearing on valuation can take two years or more. The single largest determinant of timeline is whether the parties are prepared to engage on a buy out figure in good faith once a valuer is appointed." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Can I inspect the company's books and records as a shareholder?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Yes, where the Court is satisfied that the application is made in good faith and that the inspection is to be made for a proper purpose. Section 247A of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) allows a member of a company to apply for an order authorising an inspection of the company's books. Proper purpose has been read broadly enough to include investigating concerns about the conduct of the company's affairs, the diversion of opportunities, and the propriety of related party transactions, where there is a credible foundation for the concern. The inspector is usually a solicitor or accountant nominated by the applicant. A successful section 247A application produces documents that often resolve the suspicion or, more commonly, anchor an oppression pleading under section 232." } } ] }, { "@type": "SpeakableSpecification", "@id": "https://pentanastanton.com.au/shareholder-dispute-lawyers-melbourne/#speakable", "cssSelector": ["#takeaways", "#faq"] } ] }(function () { var hub = document.querySelector('.ps-hub[data-ps-hub]'); if (!hub) return;// FAQ accordion hub.querySelectorAll('.ps-faq__item').forEach(function (item) { var btn = item.querySelector('.ps-faq__q'); if (!btn) return; btn.addEventListener('click', function () { var open = item.classList.toggle('is-open'); btn.setAttribute('aria-expanded', open ? 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