/* Pentana Stanton / Article (single post) template Same system as the Meet the Team, Insights and practice pages: navy hero with the faint grid and gold glow, white and cream sections, Cormorant + Inter, square 2px buttons, gold hairlines. The dynamic parts are real Elementor widgets (post title, excerpt, date, featured image, author box, post content, Posts, the global enquiry form). These rules restyle their markup, so every selector is written .pspt.pspt (0,3,x) or deeper to outrank Elementor's widget CSS and the site kit. Article prose rules only touch DIRECT children of the post-content widget, so the embedded blocks (Key takeaways, Quick answer, CTA, FAQ) keep their structure and are restyled explicitly below. Scoped under .pspt. */.pspt { --navy: #0f2a44; --navy-deep: #0a1f33; --gold: #c9a961; --gold-soft: #d4b97a; --gold-accent: #a8864a; --gold-text: #86683a; --cream: #f8f5ef; --line: #e2daca; --ink: #2a2a2a; --grey: #5f5f5f; --studio: #ecebe8; --on-navy-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); --on-navy-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.55); --hair-navy: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.14); --serif: 'Cormorant Garamond', 'Playfair Display', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; --sans: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif; --ease: cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.7, 0.1, 1); --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1); --max: 1200px; --gutter: clamp(20px, 5vw, 48px); --inline: max(var(--gutter), calc((100% - var(--max)) / 2)); --stick: 32px; font-family: var(--sans); color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.6; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; }/* ---------- Reset ---------- */ .pspt *, .pspt *::before, .pspt *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } .pspt :where(h1, h2, h3, h4, p, ul, ol, li, figure, nav, details, summary) { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .pspt :where(ul, ol) { list-style: none; } .pspt :where(a), .pspt :where(a):hover, .pspt :where(a):focus { text-decoration: none; color: inherit; } /* Site kit styles bare `button` at (0,1,1) and its states at up to (0,3,0). */ .pspt.pspt :is(button) { font: inherit; color: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; border-radius: 0; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; min-height: 0; cursor: pointer; -webkit-appearance: none; appearance: none; } .pspt.pspt :is(button):is(:hover, :focus, :focus-visible, :active) { background-color: transparent; color: inherit; border-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; } .pspt :focus { outline: none; } .pspt :focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--gold); outline-offset: 4px; }/* Elementor containers: drop the kit's default padding and gaps; every layout below is explicit. */ .pspt.e-con, .pspt .e-con { --padding-top: 0px; --padding-bottom: 0px; --padding-left: 0px; --padding-right: 0px; --margin-top: 0px; --margin-bottom: 0px; --gap: 0px; --row-gap: 0px; --column-gap: 0px; --widgets-spacing: 0px; --widgets-spacing-row: 0px; --widgets-spacing-column: 0px; --content-width: 100%; --container-max-width: none; --width: 100%; --display: flex; --flex-direction: column; display: flex; flex-direction: column; padding: 0; gap: 0; min-height: 0; max-width: none; } .pspt.pspt-hero { display: block; } .pspt.pspt .elementor-widget, .pspt.pspt .elementor-widget:where(:not(:last-child)) { margin: 0; margin-block-end: 0; }/* ---------- Shared type ---------- */ .pspt-label { display: block; font: 500 12px/1.3 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--gold-text); } .pspt-rule { display: block; width: 28px; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; background: var(--gold); } .pspt-head { margin-bottom: clamp(32px, 4.4vw, 52px); } .pspt-head__title { margin-top: 12px; max-width: 30ch; font: 400 clamp(28px, 3vw, 40px)/1.15 var(--serif); letter-spacing: -0.01em; color: var(--navy-deep); } .pspt-head__title em { font-style: italic; color: var(--gold-accent); }.pspt.pspt .pspt-btn { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; padding: 14px 24px; border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 2px; font: 500 13px/1 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; transition: background-color 220ms ease, color 220ms ease, border-color 220ms ease; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-btn--gold { background-color: var(--gold); border-color: var(--gold); color: var(--navy-deep); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-btn--gold:is(:hover, :focus-visible) { background-color: transparent; border-color: var(--gold); color: var(--gold-soft); }/* Reading progress line (sits under the WordPress admin bar when logged in) */ .pspt-progress { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; z-index: 9990; height: 3px; pointer-events: none; } .pspt-progress span { display: block; height: 100%; background: var(--gold); transform: scaleX(0); transform-origin: 0 50%; } body.admin-bar .pspt-progress { top: 32px; } @media (max-width: 782px) { body.admin-bar .pspt-progress { top: 46px; } }/* ---------- Hero ---------- */ .pspt.pspt-hero { position: relative; overflow: hidden; color: #fff; background: radial-gradient(120% 80% at 80% 20%, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.08), transparent 60%), linear-gradient(180deg, var(--navy) 0%, var(--navy-deep) 100%); } .pspt.pspt-hero::before { content: ''; position: absolute; inset: 0; pointer-events: none; opacity: 0.6; mix-blend-mode: normal; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.025) 1px, transparent 1px), linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.025) 1px, transparent 1px); background-size: 80px 80px; -webkit-mask-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, #000 30%, transparent 80%); mask-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, #000 30%, transparent 80%); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__grid { position: relative; z-index: 1; display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(0, 5fr); gap: clamp(40px, 6vw, 96px); align-items: center; padding: clamp(56px, 7vw, 96px) var(--inline) clamp(64px, 8vw, 104px); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__text { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; min-width: 0; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__text > .elementor-widget { width: 100%; } .pspt-crumbs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 26px; font: 500 11px/1.4 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--on-navy-3); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-crumbs a { color: var(--on-navy-3); transition: color 0.3s var(--ease); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-crumbs a:hover { color: #fff; } .pspt-crumbs__sep { opacity: 0.6; } .pspt-kicker { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 6px 12px; min-height: 16px; font: 500 12px/1.3 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--on-navy-3); } .pspt-kicker__label { color: var(--gold-soft); } .pspt-kicker__label:not(:empty) + .pspt-kicker__time:not(:empty)::before { content: '\00B7'; margin-right: 12px; color: var(--gold); }.pspt.pspt .pspt-title { margin-top: 16px; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-title .elementor-heading-title { max-width: 22ch; margin: 0; padding: 0; font: 400 clamp(34px, 3.9vw, 54px)/1.1 var(--serif); letter-spacing: -0.02em; text-transform: none; color: #fff; text-wrap: balance; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-lede { margin-top: 22px; max-width: 58ch; font: 300 clamp(16px, 1.25vw, 18px)/1.7 var(--sans); color: var(--on-navy-2); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-lede p { margin: 0; font: inherit; color: inherit; }.pspt.pspt .pspt-byline { display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 12px 22px; width: 100%; max-width: 58ch; margin-top: 32px; padding-top: 24px; border-top: 1px solid var(--hair-navy); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline > .elementor-widget { width: auto; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline .elementor-author-box { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline .elementor-author-box__avatar { flex: none; margin: 0; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline .elementor-author-box__avatar img { display: block; width: 44px; height: 44px; margin: 0; border-radius: 50%; object-fit: cover; box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.55); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline .elementor-author-box__name { margin: 0; font: 500 15px/1.3 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.01em; text-transform: none; color: #fff; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline .elementor-author-box__bio, .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline .elementor-author-box__button { display: none; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-date { padding-left: 22px; border-left: 1px solid var(--hair-navy); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-date .elementor-heading-title { margin: 0; font: 400 14px/1.3 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.01em; text-transform: none; color: var(--on-navy-3); }.pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__media { position: relative; min-width: 0; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__img { position: relative; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__img::before { content: ''; position: absolute; inset: 16px -16px -16px 16px; border: 1px solid rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.5); pointer-events: none; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__img img { position: relative; display: block; width: 100%; max-width: none; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 4 / 5; margin: 0; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 30%; border-radius: 2px; box-shadow: 0 40px 80px -40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .pspt.pspt-hero.pspt-hero--noimg .pspt-hero__grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } .pspt.pspt-hero.pspt-hero--noimg .pspt-hero__media { display: none; }.pspt-hero [data-rise] { animation: pspt-rise 0.9s var(--ease-out) both; animation-delay: calc(var(--i, 0) * 90ms + 60ms); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-byline { animation: pspt-rise 0.9s var(--ease-out) 0.3s both; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-hero__media { animation: pspt-fade 1.2s var(--ease-out) 0.1s both; }/* ---------- Body: article + sticky aside ---------- */ .pspt.pspt-body { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 740px) 300px; justify-content: space-between; align-items: start; column-gap: clamp(48px, 7vw, 112px); padding: clamp(56px, 7vw, 96px) var(--inline) clamp(72px, 9vw, 120px); background: #fff; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-main { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-aside { position: sticky; top: var(--stick); display: block; min-width: 0; } body.admin-bar .pspt.pspt .pspt-aside { top: calc(var(--stick) + 32px); }/* Article prose (direct children of the post content widget) */ .pspt.pspt .pspt-article { font: 400 17px/1.8 var(--sans); color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > * { margin: 0; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > * + * { margin-top: 1.2em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > p { font: 400 17px/1.8 var(--sans); color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(h2, h3) { margin-top: 2.3em; scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--stick) + 8px); font: 500 clamp(26px, 2.3vw, 32px)/1.2 var(--serif); letter-spacing: -0.01em; text-transform: none; color: var(--navy-deep); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(h2, h3)::before { content: ''; display: block; width: 28px; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; background: var(--gold); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > h4, .pspt.pspt .pspt-article.pspt-article--h2 > h3 { margin-top: 1.9em; scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--stick) + 8px); font: 600 17.5px/1.45 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0; text-transform: none; color: var(--navy); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article.pspt-article--h2 > h3::before { display: none; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(h2, h3, h4) + * { margin-top: 0.7em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(p, ul, ol, h2, h3, h4, blockquote, figure, table, div:not([class])) a { color: var(--navy); text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: rgba(168, 134, 74, 0.6); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 3px; transition: color 0.25s var(--ease), text-decoration-color 0.25s var(--ease); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(p, ul, ol, h2, h3, h4, blockquote, figure, table, div:not([class])) a:hover { color: var(--gold-text); text-decoration-color: var(--gold); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(p, ul, ol, blockquote, table, figure) :is(strong, b) { font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy-deep); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(ul, ol) { padding: 0; list-style: none; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(ul, ol) > li { position: relative; margin: 0; padding-left: 28px; font: inherit; color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(ul, ol) > li + li { margin-top: 0.55em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > ul > li::before { content: ''; position: absolute; left: 2px; top: 0.9em; width: 12px; height: 1px; background: var(--gold-accent); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > ol { counter-reset: pspt-ol; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > ol > li { counter-increment: pspt-ol; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > ol > li::before { content: counter(pspt-ol) '.'; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; font: italic 500 19px/1.6 var(--serif); color: var(--gold-accent); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > figure { margin-top: 2em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > figure + * { margin-top: 2em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .wp-block-image img, .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > p > img { display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0; border-radius: 2px; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > blockquote { padding: 4px 0 4px 24px; border-left: 2px solid var(--gold); font: italic 400 22px/1.5 var(--serif); color: var(--navy-deep); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > blockquote p { margin: 0; font: inherit; color: inherit; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > hr { height: 1px; margin-block: 2.4em; border: 0; background: var(--line); }/* Tables */ .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > :is(figure.wp-block-table, table) { overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article table { width: 100%; min-width: 480px; margin: 0; border-collapse: collapse; border: 0; font: 400 15px/1.55 var(--sans); color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article :is(th, td) { padding: 12px 14px; border: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); background: none; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article :is(thead th, thead td, tr:first-child th) { background: var(--cream); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gold); font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy-deep); }/* Embedded block: Key takeaways (Summaraize plugin) */ .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > .summaraize-wrap { margin: 0 0 2.2em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .summaraize { margin: 0; padding: 28px 32px 30px; background: var(--cream); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-top: 2px solid var(--gold); border-radius: 2px; color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .summaraize .summaraize-title { margin: 0 0 16px; font: 500 12px/1.3 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--gold-text); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .summaraize :is(ul, ol) { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .summaraize li { position: relative; margin: 0; padding-left: 26px; font: 400 15.5px/1.65 var(--sans); color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .summaraize li:hover { color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .summaraize li + li { margin-top: 10px; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .summaraize li::before { content: ''; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0.85em; width: 12px; height: 1px; background: var(--gold-accent); }/* Embedded block: Quick answer */ .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > .bb-aeo-block { margin-block: 2.4em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-block { border-radius: 2px; background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--navy) 0%, var(--navy-deep) 100%); box-shadow: none; overflow: hidden; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-inner { padding: clamp(28px, 4vw, 44px); color: #fff; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-label { margin: 0 0 12px; font: 500 12px/1.3 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--gold-soft); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-title { margin: 0 0 18px; font: 400 clamp(24px, 2.2vw, 30px)/1.2 var(--serif); letter-spacing: -0.01em; text-transform: none; color: #fff; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-text { margin: 0 0 14px; font: 300 16px/1.75 var(--sans); color: var(--on-navy-2); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-list { margin: 18px 0 0; padding-left: 20px; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-list li { margin-bottom: 10px; font: 300 16px/1.65 var(--sans); color: var(--on-navy-2); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-footnote { margin: 20px 0 0; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid var(--hair-navy); font: 400 14px/1.6 var(--sans); color: var(--on-navy-3); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-block :is(strong, b) { font-weight: 500; color: #fff; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-aeo-block a { color: var(--gold-soft); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }/* Embedded block: mid-article call to action */ .pspt.pspt .pspt-article > .bb-cta-block { margin-block: 2.8em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-cta-block { padding: clamp(32px, 5vw, 52px) clamp(24px, 4.4vw, 48px); border-radius: 2px; text-align: left; box-shadow: none; background: radial-gradient(120% 90% at 90% 0%, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.14), transparent 60%), linear-gradient(180deg, var(--navy) 0%, var(--navy-deep) 100%); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-cta-inner { max-width: 560px; margin: 0; color: #fff; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-cta-title { margin: 0 0 14px; font: 400 clamp(26px, 2.4vw, 32px)/1.18 var(--serif); letter-spacing: -0.01em; text-transform: none; color: #fff; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-cta-text { margin: 0 0 12px; font: 300 16px/1.75 var(--sans); color: var(--on-navy-2); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-cta-button { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; margin-top: 18px; padding: 14px 24px; border: 1px solid var(--gold); border-radius: 2px; background: var(--gold); color: var(--navy-deep); font: 500 13px/1.35 var(--sans); letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none; text-align: center; transition: background-color 220ms ease, color 220ms ease; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article .bb-cta-button:is(:hover, :focus-visible) { background: transparent; color: var(--gold-soft); }/* Embedded block: Rank Math FAQ, as an accordion (post.js adds the toggles; without JS every answer shows). Markup: #rank-math-faq > .rank-math-list > .rank-math-list-item > h3.rank-math-question + .rank-math-answer. The site's Additional CSS styles the question with !important at (1,1,0), so the few overrides that must win carry !important at (1,4,0). */ .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq.rank-math-block { max-width: none; margin: 1em 0 0; padding: 0; background: none; border: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--navy-deep); border-radius: 0; box-shadow: none; font-family: var(--sans); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-list { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-question { display: block; position: static; margin: 0 !important; padding: 22px 56px 22px 0; font: 600 17px/1.45 var(--sans) !important; letter-spacing: 0; text-transform: none; color: var(--navy-deep) !important; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-question::before, .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-question::after { content: none; display: none; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-question strong { font-weight: inherit; color: inherit; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-answer { margin: 0; padding: 0 56px 24px 0; font: 400 16px/1.75 var(--sans); color: var(--ink); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-answer p { margin: 0; font: inherit; color: inherit; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-answer p + p { margin-top: 0.8em; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq .rank-math-answer a { color: var(--navy); text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: rgba(168, 134, 74, 0.6); text-underline-offset: 3px; }/* Accordion state (only once post.js has run) */ .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq.pspt-faq .rank-math-question { padding: 0; } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq.pspt-faq .pspt-faq__toggle { position: relative; display: block; width: 100%; padding: 22px 56px 22px 0; text-align: left; font: inherit; color: inherit; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.25s var(--ease); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq.pspt-faq .pspt-faq__toggle:hover { color: var(--gold-text); } .pspt.pspt .pspt-article #rank-math-faq.pspt-faq .pspt-faq__toggle:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--gold); outline-offset: 2px; } .pspt-faq__icon { position: absolute; top: 50%; right: 4px; width: 30px; height: 30px; margin-top: -15px; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 134, 74, 0.55); border-radius: 50%; transition: background-color 0.3s var(--ease), border-color 0.3s var(--ease); } .pspt-faq__icon::before, .pspt-faq__icon::after { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; width: 11px; height: 1px; margin: -0.5px 0 0 -5.5px; background: var(--gold-accent); transition: transform 0.35s var(--ease-out), background-color 0.3s var(--ease); } .pspt-faq__icon::after { transform: rotate(90deg); } .pspt-faq .is-open .pspt-faq__icon { background: var(--navy-deep); border-color: var(--navy-deep); } .pspt-faq .is-open .pspt-faq__icon::before, .pspt-faq .is-open .pspt-faq__icon::after { background: var(--gold-soft); 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案例摘要:新南威尔士工会及其他人诉新南威尔士州政府 [2023] HCA 4

在新南威尔士州工会诉新南威尔士州政府 [2023] HCA 4 一案中,高等法院推翻了《新南威尔士州选举资助法》的一项关键条款,裁定对第三方竞选者选举支出的上限不合理地损害了政治传播的隐含自由。这一具有里程碑意义的判决确认了政府对政治言论监管的宪法限制,并对宣传组织和选举法的合规性产生了重大影响。在 Pentana Stanton 律师事务所,我们的团队对判决进行了解读,并为竞选者、政治参与者和非营利组织在澳大利亚不断演变的民主法律框架中提供了专业指导。
一名在公司办公室工作的专业律师,代表彭塔纳·斯坦顿律师事务所(Pentana Stanton Lawyers),随附新南威尔士州工会诉新南威尔士州政府案[2023] HCA 4的高等法院案件摘要,该案审查了澳大利亚的选举开支上限及政治沟通自由问题。

Key Takeaways

  • High Court of Australia invalidated a key provision of New South Wales’ electoral funding laws, specifically the cap on third-party campaigners' expenditure.
  • Section 29(11) of the Electoral Funding Act imposed a cap of $20,000 on electoral expenditure by third-party campaigners, which was found to unjustifiably burden the implied freedom of political communication.
  • The Court unanimously ruled it lacked jurisdiction to consider the validity of section 35, as it had been repealed prior to the hearing.
  • The State of NSW was ordered to pay the plaintiffs' costs related to the successful challenge of section 29(11), while costs regarding section 35 were borne by each party.
  • The decision emphasizes that electoral laws must not disproportionately restrict political communication, reinforcing the importance of constitutional freedoms in democratic participation.

完整案例

判决摘要

高等法院驳回新南威尔士州选举支出上限:新南威尔士工会及其他人诉新南威尔士州 [2023] HCA 4

导言

澳大利亚高等法院宣布新南威尔士州选举资金法的一项关键条款无效,这是一项对政治竞选者和自由政治传播倡导者具有里程碑意义的判决。新南威尔士工会及其他人诉新南威尔士州[2023] HCA 4 一案审查了对第三方竞选者规定严格开支上限的合宪性,对澳大利亚的民主参与和选举开支监管产生了重大影响。

背景:新南威尔士州《选举资金法》面临的挑战

争议的焦点是《2018 年选举资金法》(新南威尔士州)(”EF 法”),该法规定了除政党和候选人之外的个人和组织为影响选举结果而可以支出的金额。原告是一群注册的第三方竞选者(TPCs),他们认为《选举资金法》的两项条款–第 29(11)条和第 35 条–不合理地限制了他们参与政治讨论的能力,从而侵犯了受《澳大利亚宪法》保护的隐含的政治交流自由。

  • 第 29(11)条规定,在新南威尔士州立法议会补选之前的一段时间内,乡镇选举委员会的选举开支上限为 20,000 澳元(按指数调整)。
  • 第 35 条(现已废止)规定,旅行代理商与其他人 ”协同 ”行动,超出开支上限,即属犯罪。

主要法律问题

高等法院被要求裁定

  1. 外频法》第 29(11)条是否对隐含的政治传播自由造成了不允许的负担。
  2. 法院是否有权审理第 35 条被废除后的有效性。
  3. 如果存在管辖权,法院是否应行使其自由裁量权对第 35 节做出裁决。
  4. 如果是,第 35 条是否也在宪法上无效。
  5. 应如何分配费用,特别是考虑到国家对第 29(11)条的让步。

高等法院的裁决

宣布第 29(11)条无效

高等法院以多数票裁定第 29(11)条无效。对第三方竞选者选举支出的 20,000 美元上限被认为对隐含的政治传播自由造成了不合理的负担。法院运用了McCloy 诉新南威尔士州(2015)257 CLR 178 案中的结构相称性测试,得出结论认为,虽然规范选举支出是一个合法的目标,但该上限并未经过适当调整或证明是合理的。值得注意的是,新南威尔士州在议会委员会建议了更高的上限后承认了该条款的无效性。

对已废除的第 35 条无管辖权

法院一致认为它没有管辖权对第 35 条的有效性做出裁决,因为该条在听证会之前已被废除。原告不再受该法律管辖,因此不存在《宪法》第三章要求法院裁决的 ”事项”。法院重申,对已废除的法律进行司法审查需要有一个具有持续法律后果的实际争议。

费用

新南威尔士州政府被命令支付原告因成功挑战第 29(11)条而产生的费用。至于与第 35 条有关的问题,则由各方自行承担费用。

影响和启示

这一决定强化了选举法不得过度限制政治传播的原则。虽然政府可以通过规范竞选开支来确保选举的公正性,但这些措施必须经过仔细论证,并与其目标相称。高等法院的裁决建立在之前对选举融资法进行审查的判决基础之上,明确指出过度限制经不起宪法挑战。

对于第三方运动者、倡导团体以及任何对法律与民主的交集感兴趣的人来说,本案及时提醒了法院在保障宪法自由方面所起的作用,而宪法自由对于强有力的政治辩论至关重要。

结论

Unions NSW & Ors v State of New South Wales 案是对澳大利亚隐含的政治传播自由的重要肯定。它强调了选举法需要在规范竞选资金和维护参与政治讨论的民主权利之间达成谨慎的平衡。随着选举法的不断发展,该判决将成为未来关于政府在政治领域监管限度辩论的试金石。

如果您是第三方竞选者、倡导组织或政治参与者,需要就选举法或政治传播自由寻求法律指导,Pentana Stanton Lawyers 将竭诚为您服务。我们经验丰富的法律团队可以帮助您处理复杂的宪法和行政法事务。

请立即联系我们,以维护您的权利并确保遵守澳大利亚民主参与的法律框架。

关于作者
Picture of Jesse LaGreca
Jesse LaGreca
Jesse LaGreca is a Partner and Principal Solicitor at Pentana Stanton Lawyers, admitted to practise before the Supreme Court of Victoria and the High Court of Australia. A graduate of Monash University (Law) and La Trobe University (Business), Jesse specialises in commercial law, family law, and professional negligence, with particular expertise in complex property disputes and advising entrepreneurs and growing businesses. His practical, results-driven approach — spanning advisory work through to court advocacy — ensures clients receive comprehensive representation at every stage of their matter.
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